Motivation Misfires

Many managers ask me, “How can I motivate my team?”

I’ve certainly seen many efforts to motivate teams.  Contests, prizes, pep talks, badges, points, canned thank you notes, and recognition events. Most of this comes down to using rewards to motivate people to continue certain behavior.

Some of these work for some people, some of the time. But most of them backfire, for most people, most of the time.

Consider these attempts at motivating:

A team lead receives a substantial sum of money when the team meets a critical deadline. Despite pleas from the team lead, management will not divide the money equally between all team members.

A developer worked late into the evening to fix a critical bug.  His manager, wanting to motivate others to show similar dedication, gave the developer a ticket to the opening night of a big movie.  One ticket—another night away from his wife and kids.

A programmer discovered and fixed an error that was costing the company millions. He worked with an account rep to provide data that allowed the company to recover a substantial portion of the money from erroneous invoices.  The VP of the division gave the programmer a gift certificate for $100 at a local restaurant.

A manager singled out one person from a team for public recognition, and didn’t mention the contributions of any other team members.

A VP called a special meeting. When all the developers were assembled. He opened his brief case, which was full of cash.  Every programmer received $300 cash money.  When they got paid the next Friday, they found that the award was taxed, and taxed at a higher rate then their normal salary.  Actual pay was $100 less than than they usually received.

Each of these attempts at motivation backfired. Many people (but clearly not all) know that rewards and other extrinsic motivators aren’t effective; in fact, they often diminish intrinsic motivation.  And making one person the winner makes other people losers.

So why-oh-why do managers do such things?  Do the managers who came up with these ideas (and others like them) ever put themselves in the place of the person they were rewarding, and asked themselves how they would feel if someone treated them that way?

I suspect not.  But then, why wouldn’t they do so?

Some managers still assume that “workers” won’t work without carrots (or sticks). It doesn’t occur to them that carrots might not be the preferred diet.

Some managers don’t understand what motivates people doing technical work. Just look at the surveys that report what managers believe are the key motivators for developers, and what developers report motivates them.  Major mismatch.

Some  managers see themselves as different from “workers.”  For example, they often believe that money is the primary motivator for “workers,”  but they don’t ascribe such crass motive to themselves.  Just like they don’t need carrots and sticks, but “workers” do.

Some managers can’t imagine that “workers” wouldn’t welcome some sign of management favor and approval. This is about power and status, pure and simple.

The zeroth step in boosting motivation is to stop doing things that demotivate people.

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6 Comments

  1. Ola Ellnestam

    I have both given and recieved ‘rewards’, and yes, it feels pretty lame on both sides. Sometimes however I really really want to say thank you, in some way.

    In those cases I hope I already know the person well enough to be able to give them a sincere thank you. Otherwise I try to get to know them more, so I can thank them the next time, as a step to sort of tighten the feedback loop on an interpersonal level.

    Furthermore I believe that extrinsic motivators are more or less useless especially for knowledge workers and I seriously doubt that any extrinsic motivator in the form of a ‘thing’ has any long standing effect at all.

    Thank you for bringin this up. I constantly have to remind myself about this. It’s somewhat like bying flowers for your spouse or gifts to your kids because you’ve been neglecting them, which is really never a good idea. It’s just an ‘easy’ way out.

    To me extrinsic motivators are just a form surrogate for real feelings and real motivation.

    Cheers,
    Ola

    Reply
  2. Max

    Hi Esther,

    Thanks for your article. So, how should managers motivate their teams? It’s obvious from your post that money is not a good motivator. Just say Thank you to the teams?

    Recently I made a survey among the team members to know how they like their job and working in our company. And many of them said that motivation is low because there are now awards/bonuses in our company for successful releases, meeting critical deadlines, etc. Their salaries are fixed and they are quite high, but anyway people say their motivation suffers. We are using Agile and our teams are self-organizing.

    I’ll be happy to hear your opinion on this matter: motivation and money rewards.

    Thanks.

    Reply
  3. Keith Smith

    I’m new to the world of Agile, but the items below might give you some ideas for rewards.

    There is an popular video by Daniel Pink, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc (almost 4 million views), that talks about the negative affect on increasing monetary reward for cognitive work (knowledge work).

    Rewards, therefore, must be other than monetary.

    The oft cited aspects of happiness are:
    1) Perceived control
    2) Perceived growth
    3) A sense of community
    4) Working for the greater good

    Ask the team, what would make them happier?

    More privacy.

    Be able to control the work environment, like rearranging the cubes, everyone is out on the window, the conference rooms are in the middle.

    Have a ‘work on anything you want’ day at the end of a release.

    Allow work on community projects.

    Provide conference vouchers.

    Look at the four aspects of happiness and see which categories the reward fits into.

    Henrik Kniberg’s Happier Crisp Index, http://blog.crisp.se/henrikkniberg/2010/05/08/1273272420000.html, is a very interesting read on happiness of IT workers at his firm Crisp.

    Reply
  4. Keith Smith

    It appears that rewarding an individual on an agile team or an agile team itself is not a simple problem. Here’s an article that discusses this issue and has references to other articles, forums and blogs discussing the agile team reward issue. The blog by Tom Reynolds that is referenced has much to say on the topic.

    http://www.infoq.com/news/2010/12/agile-limits-financial-rewards

    Reply
  5. Tim Western

    I once interviewed for a job that as part of its benefits package listed a 10% bonus annually. Sounds good right? Until I asked what criteria was used to determine whether someone was awarded the bonus or not. They couldn’t give me any. What’s worse I was supposedly the first employ of that type that company would ever have had. I’m not opposed to bonuses in general, but this company was trying to use this possible money deferred throughout the year as a chip to get me to sign on the dotted line. All I saw was 10% less pay I might never see regardless of how hard I actually worked.

    Reply

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button_bg_color_gradient_end#29c4a9
button_bg_color_gradient_end_position100%
button_bg_enable_imageon
button_bg_parallaxoff
button_bg_parallax_methodon
button_bg_sizecover
button_bg_image_widthauto
button_bg_image_heightauto
button_bg_positioncenter
button_bg_horizontal_offset0
button_bg_vertical_offset0
button_bg_repeatno-repeat
button_bg_blendnormal
button_bg_enable_video_mp4on
button_bg_enable_video_webmon
button_bg_allow_player_pauseoff
button_bg_video_pause_outside_viewporton
button_use_iconon
button_icon_placementright
button_on_hoveron
custom_loop_template_buttonoff
loop_template_button_text_size20
loop_template_button_bg_use_color_gradientoff
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_repeatoff
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_typelinear
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_direction180deg
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_direction_radialcenter
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_stops#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_unit%
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_overlays_imageoff
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_start#2b87da
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_start_position0%
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_end#29c4a9
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_end_position100%
loop_template_button_bg_enable_imageon
loop_template_button_bg_parallaxoff
loop_template_button_bg_parallax_methodon
loop_template_button_bg_sizecover
loop_template_button_bg_image_widthauto
loop_template_button_bg_image_heightauto
loop_template_button_bg_positioncenter
loop_template_button_bg_horizontal_offset0
loop_template_button_bg_vertical_offset0
loop_template_button_bg_repeatno-repeat
loop_template_button_bg_blendnormal
loop_template_button_bg_enable_video_mp4on
loop_template_button_bg_enable_video_webmon
loop_template_button_bg_allow_player_pauseoff
loop_template_button_bg_video_pause_outside_viewporton
loop_template_button_use_iconon
loop_template_button_icon_placementright
loop_template_button_on_hoveron
positioningnone
position_origin_atop_left
position_origin_ftop_left
position_origin_rtop_left
widthauto
max_widthnone
min_heightauto
heightauto
max_heightnone
filter_hue_rotate0deg
filter_saturate100%
filter_brightness100%
filter_contrast100%
filter_invert0%
filter_sepia0%
filter_opacity100%
filter_blur0px
mix_blend_modenormal
animation_stylenone
animation_directioncenter
animation_duration1000ms
animation_delay0ms
animation_intensity_slide50%
animation_intensity_zoom50%
animation_intensity_flip50%
animation_intensity_fold50%
animation_intensity_roll50%
animation_starting_opacity0%
animation_speed_curveease-in-out
animation_repeatonce
hover_transition_duration300ms
hover_transition_delay0ms
hover_transition_speed_curveease
link_option_url_new_windowoff
sticky_positionnone
sticky_offset_top0px
sticky_offset_bottom0px
sticky_limit_topnone
sticky_limit_bottomnone
sticky_offset_surroundingon
sticky_transitionon
motion_trigger_startmiddle
hover_enabled0
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_stylenone
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
title_text_shadow_stylenone
title_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
title_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
title_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
title_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
excerpt_text_shadow_stylenone
excerpt_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
excerpt_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
excerpt_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
excerpt_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_stylenone
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_stylenone
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
loop_template_a_text_shadow_stylenone
loop_template_a_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
loop_template_a_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
loop_template_a_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
loop_template_a_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
pagination_font_text_shadow_stylenone
pagination_font_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
pagination_font_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
pagination_font_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
pagination_font_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
active_pagination_text_shadow_stylenone
active_pagination_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
active_pagination_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
active_pagination_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
active_pagination_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
button_text_shadow_stylenone
button_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
button_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
button_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
button_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
loop_template_button_text_shadow_stylenone
loop_template_button_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
loop_template_button_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
loop_template_button_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
loop_template_button_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
box_shadow_stylenone
box_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_positionouter
box_shadow_style_productnone
box_shadow_color_productrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_productouter
box_shadow_style_grid_list_view_buttonnone
box_shadow_color_grid_list_view_buttonrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_grid_list_view_buttonouter
box_shadow_style_buttonnone
box_shadow_color_buttonrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_buttonouter
box_shadow_style_loop_template_buttonnone
box_shadow_color_loop_template_buttonrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_loop_template_buttonouter
text_shadow_stylenone
text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
text_shadow_vertical_length0em
text_shadow_blur_strength0em
text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
disabledoff
lockedoff
global_colors_info{}
0.11422395706177 seconds

Args

post_type
0post
post_statuspublish
posts_per_page4
meta_query
relationAND
0Array ( )
cat
013
110
post__not_in
01671
orderby
dateDESC
relevanssitrue

Module Settings

post_type_choosepost
loop_stylecustom_loop_layout
shortcode_name[de_loop_template_shortcode]
loop_templatesdivi-blog
custom_loop_templatenone
loop_layout9602
filter_update_animationload-6
no_posts_layoutnone
no_posts_layout_text
is_main_loopoff
include_current_termsoff
groupping_post_objectoff
groupping_taxonomynone
show_empty_onloadoff
post_statuspublish
show_current_postoff
posts_number4
post_offset0
post_display_typerelated
saved_typewishlist
acf_linked_acfnone
related_contentcategories
related_acf_fieldnone
related_content_categoriesdefault
is_category_loopoff
disable_sticky_postsoff
specific_post_objectsoff
related_content_tagsdefault
tax_name_relatednone
acf_name_relatednone
custom_tax_choosepost
acf_namenone
include_sticky_postson
include_sticky_posts_onlyoff
onload_tax_choosepost
sort_orderdate
acf_sort_fieldnone
acf_sort_typestring
acf_date_picker_fieldnone
acf_date_picker_methoddefault
acf_date_picker_custom_day30
order_asc_descDESC
sec_acf_sort_fieldnone
sec_acf_sort_typestring
sec_acf_date_picker_fieldnone
sec_order_asc_descASC
enable_loadmoreoff
pagination_positionbottom
scrolltoon
scrollto_fine_tune0px
loadmore_textLoad More
loadmore_text_loadingLoading...
enable_resultcountoff
resultcount_positionright
result_count_single_textShowing the single result
result_count_all_textShowing all %d results
result_count_pagination_textShowing %d-%d of %d results
has_mapoff
map_all_postsoff
map_all_posts_limit-1
map_infoview_layoutnone
map_infoview_layout_ajaxoff
hide_marker_labeloff
map_clusteron
map_center_first_poston
link_whole_girdon
link_whole_gird_externaloff
external_acfnone
content_section_layoutnone
grid_layoutgrid
columns1
columns_tablet1
columns_mobile1
custom_gutter_widthoff
grid_list_defaultlist
grid_list_positionleft
grid_list_cookie_time30
grid_view_icon||divi||400
list_view_icon||fa||900
icon_padding7px|7px|7px|7px
icon_margin0px|10px|0px|0px
enable_overlayon
show_featured_imageon
show_read_moreoff
read_more_textRead More
show_authoron
show_dateon
date_formatF j, Y
show_categorieson
show_contentoff
excerpt_length270
excerpt_more...
show_commentsoff
meta_separator|
content_visibilityhover
image_hover_animationnone
loop_template_content_alignmentcenter_center
loop_template_color_themelight
loop_template_same_heighton
image_min_height150px
image_max_height500px
pagination_item_background#fff
pagination_item_background_active#ebe9eb
_builder_version4.27.4
_module_presetdefault
grouping_tax_title_font_size14px
grouping_tax_title_letter_spacing0px
grouping_tax_title_line_height1em
title_font_size14px
title_letter_spacing0px
title_line_height1em
excerpt_font_size14px
excerpt_letter_spacing0px
excerpt_line_height1em
loop_template_meta_font_size14px
loop_template_meta_letter_spacing0px
loop_template_meta_line_height1em
loop_template_meta_a_font_size14px
loop_template_meta_a_letter_spacing0px
loop_template_meta_a_line_height1em
loop_template_a_font_size14px
loop_template_a_letter_spacing0px
loop_template_a_line_height1em
pagination_font_letter_spacing0px
active_pagination_letter_spacing0px
background_enable_coloron
use_background_color_gradientoff
background_color_gradient_repeatoff
background_color_gradient_typelinear
background_color_gradient_direction180deg
background_color_gradient_direction_radialcenter
background_color_gradient_stops#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%
background_color_gradient_unit%
background_color_gradient_overlays_imageoff
background_color_gradient_start#2b87da
background_color_gradient_start_position0%
background_color_gradient_end#29c4a9
background_color_gradient_end_position100%
background_enable_imageon
parallaxoff
parallax_methodon
background_sizecover
background_image_widthauto
background_image_heightauto
background_positioncenter
background_horizontal_offset0
background_vertical_offset0
background_repeatno-repeat
background_blendnormal
background_enable_video_mp4on
background_enable_video_webmon
allow_player_pauseoff
background_video_pause_outside_viewporton
background_enable_pattern_styleoff
background_pattern_stylepolka-dots
background_pattern_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.2)
background_pattern_sizeinitial
background_pattern_widthauto
background_pattern_heightauto
background_pattern_repeat_origintop_left
background_pattern_horizontal_offset0
background_pattern_vertical_offset0
background_pattern_repeatrepeat
background_pattern_blend_modenormal
background_enable_mask_styleoff
background_mask_stylelayer-blob
background_mask_color#ffffff
background_mask_aspect_ratiolandscape
background_mask_sizestretch
background_mask_widthauto
background_mask_heightauto
background_mask_positioncenter
background_mask_horizontal_offset0
background_mask_vertical_offset0
background_mask_blend_modenormal
custom_buttonoff
button_text_size20
button_bg_use_color_gradientoff
button_bg_color_gradient_repeatoff
button_bg_color_gradient_typelinear
button_bg_color_gradient_direction180deg
button_bg_color_gradient_direction_radialcenter
button_bg_color_gradient_stops#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%
button_bg_color_gradient_unit%
button_bg_color_gradient_overlays_imageoff
button_bg_color_gradient_start#2b87da
button_bg_color_gradient_start_position0%
button_bg_color_gradient_end#29c4a9
button_bg_color_gradient_end_position100%
button_bg_enable_imageon
button_bg_parallaxoff
button_bg_parallax_methodon
button_bg_sizecover
button_bg_image_widthauto
button_bg_image_heightauto
button_bg_positioncenter
button_bg_horizontal_offset0
button_bg_vertical_offset0
button_bg_repeatno-repeat
button_bg_blendnormal
button_bg_enable_video_mp4on
button_bg_enable_video_webmon
button_bg_allow_player_pauseoff
button_bg_video_pause_outside_viewporton
button_use_iconon
button_icon_placementright
button_on_hoveron
custom_loop_template_buttonoff
loop_template_button_text_size20
loop_template_button_bg_use_color_gradientoff
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_repeatoff
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_typelinear
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_direction180deg
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_direction_radialcenter
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_stops#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_unit%
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_overlays_imageoff
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_start#2b87da
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_start_position0%
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_end#29c4a9
loop_template_button_bg_color_gradient_end_position100%
loop_template_button_bg_enable_imageon
loop_template_button_bg_parallaxoff
loop_template_button_bg_parallax_methodon
loop_template_button_bg_sizecover
loop_template_button_bg_image_widthauto
loop_template_button_bg_image_heightauto
loop_template_button_bg_positioncenter
loop_template_button_bg_horizontal_offset0
loop_template_button_bg_vertical_offset0
loop_template_button_bg_repeatno-repeat
loop_template_button_bg_blendnormal
loop_template_button_bg_enable_video_mp4on
loop_template_button_bg_enable_video_webmon
loop_template_button_bg_allow_player_pauseoff
loop_template_button_bg_video_pause_outside_viewporton
loop_template_button_use_iconon
loop_template_button_icon_placementright
loop_template_button_on_hoveron
positioningnone
position_origin_atop_left
position_origin_ftop_left
position_origin_rtop_left
widthauto
max_widthnone
min_heightauto
heightauto
max_heightnone
filter_hue_rotate0deg
filter_saturate100%
filter_brightness100%
filter_contrast100%
filter_invert0%
filter_sepia0%
filter_opacity100%
filter_blur0px
mix_blend_modenormal
animation_stylenone
animation_directioncenter
animation_duration1000ms
animation_delay0ms
animation_intensity_slide50%
animation_intensity_zoom50%
animation_intensity_flip50%
animation_intensity_fold50%
animation_intensity_roll50%
animation_starting_opacity0%
animation_speed_curveease-in-out
animation_repeatonce
hover_transition_duration300ms
hover_transition_delay0ms
hover_transition_speed_curveease
link_option_url_new_windowoff
sticky_positionnone
sticky_offset_top0px
sticky_offset_bottom0px
sticky_limit_topnone
sticky_limit_bottomnone
sticky_offset_surroundingon
sticky_transitionon
motion_trigger_startmiddle
hover_enabled0
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_stylenone
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
grouping_tax_title_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
title_text_shadow_stylenone
title_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
title_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
title_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
title_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
excerpt_text_shadow_stylenone
excerpt_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
excerpt_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
excerpt_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
excerpt_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_stylenone
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
loop_template_meta_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_stylenone
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
loop_template_meta_a_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
loop_template_a_text_shadow_stylenone
loop_template_a_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
loop_template_a_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
loop_template_a_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
loop_template_a_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
pagination_font_text_shadow_stylenone
pagination_font_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
pagination_font_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
pagination_font_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
pagination_font_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
active_pagination_text_shadow_stylenone
active_pagination_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
active_pagination_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
active_pagination_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
active_pagination_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
button_text_shadow_stylenone
button_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
button_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
button_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
button_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
loop_template_button_text_shadow_stylenone
loop_template_button_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
loop_template_button_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
loop_template_button_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
loop_template_button_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
box_shadow_stylenone
box_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_positionouter
box_shadow_style_productnone
box_shadow_color_productrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_productouter
box_shadow_style_grid_list_view_buttonnone
box_shadow_color_grid_list_view_buttonrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_grid_list_view_buttonouter
box_shadow_style_buttonnone
box_shadow_color_buttonrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_buttonouter
box_shadow_style_loop_template_buttonnone
box_shadow_color_loop_template_buttonrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_loop_template_buttonouter
text_shadow_stylenone
text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
text_shadow_vertical_length0em
text_shadow_blur_strength0em
text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
disabledoff
lockedoff
global_colors_info{}
0.19453501701355 seconds